Women s Rights Of Women - 1640 Words

According to a recent study from the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, for every dollar a man makes, women get paid 77 cents (Pay). On average that s a variance of at least $10,000 annually. Although, much needs to be done to put men and women on an equal playing field, taking into account that not so long ago women were restricted to a very small array of job opportunities during times of peace, women have come leaps and bounds. Granted, the women’s movement successfully sought social opportunities previously not given to women, not all women benefited. In general, however, the movement improved the economic status and freedom and rights of most women, but there’s still a big distance to go to achieve social equality between the sexes. Women face gender discrimination when looking for work and in education, experience a sharp double standard, and a subjected to incessant online abuse. The women’s movement created space for women to take the leap into fields historically filled with men. Prominent first lady Michelle Obama has been a fierce supporter of the importance of encouraging girls toward careers in STEM. If we’re going to out-innovate and out-educate the rest of the world, we ve got to open doors for everyone, she said. We need all hands on deck, and that means clearing hurdles for women and girls as they navigate careers in science, technology, engineering and math. While women have achieved equality in fields such as medicine and the law, they lag farShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. The third wave was in 1995, where Hillary Clinton spoke in Beijing, China, claiming that women’s rights w ere the same as human rights, that every aspiring girl deserved the civil liberties that every man was given around the world. Moreover, the movement had shifted towards women in developingRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1265 Words   |  6 Pagesstands in the way of women being equal to men? Journalist Carlin Flora suggests the following, â€Å"While not all claims to humanity are universal and no one context, culture or continent can truly represent all peoples, the following three examples from very different contexts, cultures and continents show that some violations of women’s human rights are universal. In particular, it is still the case the world over that a woman’s reproductive rights, which impact on her right to life, are still seenRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women881 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty –first century ladies are discovering it a daunting task to keep up both sexual orientation parts as an aftereffect of the women s activist development. Th ey are presently assuming liability for both the supplier and the nurturer, battling like never before to acquire and keep a superior personal satisfaction. Woman s rights has supported in equivalent vocation opportunity, battling to get ladies acknowledged into the employment advertise, and what initially began as ladies strengtheningRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early 1920’s, women thought they had achieved the unachievable. They could finally work, keep their earned wages, marry whomever they please, and even vote. After reaching their goal and fighting vigorously, women could taste equality and the freedom they deserved. While women still have the right to work in today’s society, women are not exactly treated equal in the workplace. Regardless of the past and the extreme measures taken to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women, there are manyRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1920s, wome n were ignored in every aspect of their life. From politics, to social situations, women were constantly looked at as lesser. The 20s was a decade of women ready to fight for their rights. From gaining social freedoms, to getting political rights, the 20s was the first decade of feminism. Many women played key roles in the fight for women s rights through speeches, marches, and much more. The women that fought for their rights in the 1920s completely changed how women live their livesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1230 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s suffrage has stretched from the 1800’s to present day, as women have struggled to have the same civil and constitutional rights as men in politics and be appreciated as equals in the workforce. Groups of women known as suffragists questioned the customary views of women’s roles. Eventually our nation has evolved and realized that male-controlled societies suppress women’s rights. From the beginning steps ta ken in 1850 to 2013 with women earning combat roles in the military, women’s rolesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1206 Words   |  5 Pagesto speak of women and the role of women in this election, the subject of women is tiresome but necessary in a world where gender is still existent as an obstacle for most. I cannot identify what woman is. I am basing my definition from our modern understanding of woman, our general view, and the popular experience. People are using younger women voting for Bernie Sanders as proof of gender’s irrelevant in this election, that women have achieved their rights. Even if women ‘have rights now’ it doesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1393 Words   |  6 Pages Women all over the world are being treated different than men. Iran is one of the places that women are being treated the worst. From restrictions to punishments, women in Iran are being treated with no respect, and that is not okay. Women’s rights activists have tried to get it to change, and have traveled to many places to try and get more people to join their movement. There are many issues with women not having the same rights as men. One of the main problems is that they are treated lessRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1272 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have fought a strenuous battle for equal rights. Many men, and even some women, all over the world believe that women do not share the same value and importance to society as men do. On September 5, 1995, Hillary Clinton spoke at the 4th World Conference on Women, on behalf of women all over the world. Clinton raised awareness on how women s rights are being violated and why it is important to recognize women s rights as equal to everyone else’s rights. Even today, in 2016Read MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe family has traditionally been the basic unit of Chinese society where women have long been charged with upholding society s values in their roles as wives and mothers. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, women were required to balance society s i deals with the reality of raising a family and maintaining a household. Throughout the imperial period and into the beginning of the twentieth century, the relationship among family members was prescribed by Confucian teachings. The revered philosopher

Writing Proficiency Free Essays

Abstract The present study investigated the sentence-level errors of freshmen students at three proficiency levels and the aspects of writing that raters focused on while rating the essays. It views errors as valuable information for the following: For teachers, as it clues them on students’ progress; for researchers as it gives them valuable data as to how language is acquired or learned; for learners, as it enables them to reflect on their learning. The data for the present study is based on the data collected for a previous study. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing Proficiency or any similar topic only for you Order Now One hundred fifty essays written by freshmen college students on their first week of classes in five private schools in Metro Manila (30 for each participating school) were collected, word-processed, and subjected to rating and coding or errors. Most of the findings of the present study corroborate the findings of previous studies on error analysis and essay evaluation—that sentence-level errors have a significant role in essay scores. The raters still have the grammar accuracy model when checking essays, although it is just considered secondary to other aspects of writing such as the ability to address the prompt and organize the ideas logically. Introduction Areas of Writing Research Writing teachers and researchers have always set their teaching and research lenses on the variables that describe successful second language writing vis-a-vis unsuccessful writing. Because of this preoccupation, a plethora of research has been undertaken as regards the role of L1 in L2 Writing (Cumming, 1990; Krapels, 1991), L2 writers’ characteristics and proficiency (Hirose Sasaki, 1994; Victori, 1999; Deane et al, 2008), L2 writing process/strategies (Arndt, 1987; Becker, 2003), L2 writing feedback/evaluation (Ferris, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003; Goldstein, 2001, 2005) L2 writing instruction (Zhang Zhou, 2002; Liu, 2003; Chen, 2005; Coombe Barlow, 2004) and L2 writer’s texts (Zhang, 1997; Hinkel, 1997; Hirose, 2003). In the analysis of L2 writers’ texts, researchers focus on the rhetorical and linguistic features that impact essay scores in different linguistic backgrounds (Becker, 2010; Gustilo, 2011). These studies are significant in that they help us in understanding the complex factors that underlie proficient and less proficient writing. Emphasis on Essay Evaluation In assessing essays, what do raters consider as more proficient and less proficient writing? Studies have established that factors such as content, rhetorical strategy or linguistic (grammar, spelling, vocabulary) and non-linguistic features (organization, style, content, etc. can separate less proficient and more proficient writing. These factors, however, are weighed differently by raters depending on their background and experience (Kobayashi, n. d. ; Weltig, n. d. , Cumming et al. , 2002). According to Weltig, ESL (English as second language), EFL (English as foreign language), and ENL (English as native language) rate rs weigh the aspects of writing differently. On the one hand, the ENL raters put more thrust on the non-language aspects (grammar and mechanics) and consider language-related issues as secondary in judging essays. On the other, ESL and EFL raters focus more on language erro Error Analysis As a corollary to this emphasis on essay evaluation, there is no wonder why almost inextricable in the analysis of L2 texts is the focus on errors that learners make in relation to their writing performance (Sarfraz, 2011; Sattayatham Honsa, 2007; Kitao Kitao, 2000). Previous studies have indicated that errors do significantly affect raters’ evaluation of the overall quality of essays. For instance, Sweedler-Brown (1993) attributed the low scores of L2 essays for the original than for the corrected essays to sentence-level errors. Kobayashi and Rinnert (1993) found that the same essays gained higher overall holistic scores when the errors were corrected. Kobayashi (n. d. ) also found that language use errors and coherence breaks influenced the English teachers’ (both native speaker and Japanese teachers) judgment in terms of content and clarity but not the Japanese university students’ judgments. The error-free essays were praised as very good, but the error-laden essays were penalized with low scores. Terms and Definitions of Errors Making errors is one of the most unavoidable things in the orld. In language acquisition, learning, and teaching, error has been referred to and has been defined in many ways. Catalan (n. d. ) reviewed the terms and definitions of error in Error Studies and consolidated these definitions using the communicative event framework (addresser; addressee; code, norm, and message; and setting). From the perspective of norm or well-formedness of a sentence, error is regarded as â€Å"an infringement or deviation of the code of the formal system of communication through which the message is conveyed† (Catalan, n. . p. 66). Dulay, Burt, and Krashen (1982 p. 139 as cited in Catalan ) corroborates this definition by saying that error is the â€Å"flawed side of learner speech or writing that deviates from selected norm of mature language performance† (p. 7). Errors are alterations of the rules of the accepted norm and are termed as surface errors which may be further classified as omission errors, addition errors, misformation errors, wrong order, spelling error, systems error, and the like. Also the terms overt and covert errors (Corder, 1973, Faerch, 1984, Medges, 1989 as cited in Catalan, n. d. ) may be added in the list. The former refers to errors that are not observable within the surface but implied in the message, and the latter refers to those that are clearly identifiable in the surface (Catalan n. d. , p. 8). Benefits of Error Analysis Error Analysis (EA) is concerned with the analyses of the errors made by L2 learners by comparing the learners’ acquired norms with the target language norms and explaining the identified errors ( James, 1998). Stephen Pit Corder’s (1967) seminal work â€Å"The Significance of Learner’s Errors† has given EA a significant turn in that it views errors as valuable information for three beneficiaries: for teachers, it clues them on the progress of the students; for researchers, it provides evidence as to how language is acquired or learned; for learners themselves, it gives them resources in order to learn (Corder, 1967 as cited in Maicusi, Maicusi, Lopez, 2000, p. 170). With this approach errors are regarded as resources for learning and teaching rather than as â€Å"flaws† which connote failure in the acquisition process and ,therefore, needs to be eradicated. Despite the criticisms against EA such as complete reliance on errors per se and not seeing the whole picture of the learners’ linguistic behaviour by looking also at the nonerrors (Gass Selinker, 1994; Maicusi, Maicusi, Lopez, 2000), EA has contributed comprehensively to Second Language Acquisition Theory and second language writing instruction. Aim of the Study The present study aims at investigating the sentence-level rrors of freshmen students at three proficiency levels and the aspects of writing that raters focus on while rating the essays. Specifically, the present study aims at providing answers to the following research questions: 1. Do writers with higher levels of writing proficiency commit the same errors that low proficiency writers do? 2. Are there significant di fferences in the frequency of errors committed by low, mid, and high proficient writers? 3. Which of these errors significantly decrease essay scores? 4. What aspects of writing that affect essay scores did the raters focus on while rating the essays? Method The Essays The data for the present study is based on the data collected for a previous study. One hundred fifty essays written by freshmen college students on their first week of classes in five private schools in Metro Manila (30 for each participating school) were collected, wordprocessed, and subjected to rating and coding or errors. Rating Three independent raters who are trained ESL teachers rated the essays using a holistic scale patterned after the TOEFL writing section and SAT scoring guides (Gustilo, 2011). Kendall’s Tau coefficient of concordance (. 71, p How to cite Writing Proficiency, Essay examples

Consul Developments Pty Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Consul Developments Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction In ASIC v Citigroup Global, the two main principles that were stated by the Federal Court of Austria were; (i) the law does not require that an investment bank should not contract out of a fiduciary relationship under some circumstances and (ii) the sufficiency of Chinese walls which were sometimes also called "information barriers", can fix responsibility for insider trading. Apart from it, the efficiency of the compliance program of the company is also better that will be considered by the court while considering the allegations related with the breach of insider trading provisions. The facts of this case were rather intricate however for the purpose of the assignment at hand, these facts can be described briefly in the following words. The Citygroup Global Markets was engaged in business by several business divisions which included Investment Banking (Private Side Employees) and Equities trading (Public Side Employees). The Private Side staff have to deal with classified and market sensitive information while in contrast the Public Employees did not have access to this information. In order to restrict the information flow between the various business divisions of the company, "Chinese walls" were set up by Citigroup. The present proceedings were the result of the five that the ET division of the company had purchased shares in Patrick Corp. Ltd. These shares were purchased when the IB division of the company was working on behalf of Toll Holdings regarding a future takeover bid of Patrick. These shares were procured by the ET division on the last trading day before the bid for Patrick was announced by Toll. When IB division came to know regarding the purchase, it took steps due to which ET was prevented from going further with the purchase of any more shares of Patrick. ET stopped the purchase of any mo you re shares, however how an hour before the the closing time for trading, ET sold 200,000 shares of Patrick that were purchased by it on that day at a profit. Subsequently, Toll came forward with its takeover bid for Patrick on the next day Outline the duties / responsibilities breached The main issues that were present in this case, were as follows. Although it was not alleged by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) that ET was aware of inside info when it took the decision of achieving the shares but it asserted that as an advisor to Toll Holdings, Citigroup was in a relationship with Toll that can be described as a fiduciary relationship. By purchasing the shares of Patrick, this fiduciary duty has been breached by Citigroup. In this way, ASIC alleged that Citigroup has breached its obligations that were imposed on the company by section 912A(1), Corporations Act, 2001. Moreover, ASIC also alleged that the requirements of section 1043H and 12DA of the ASIC Act had also been breached by Citigroup has these provisions restricted any misleading or deceptive conduct. It was also blessed by the ASIC that the insider trading provisions that have been mentioned in section 1043A, Corporations Act have been breached by Citigroup due to the following reasons. Due to what was said to ET after it was found by IB that there was a potential conflict of interest, it was supposed by ET that Citigroup was acting on behalf of Toll Holdings regarding the proposed takeover bid for Patrick. Hence, it was alleged by the ASIC that this supposition amounted to information as mentioned in section 1042A. as a result, it was alleged that the sale of 200,000 shares amounted to insider trading by the Citigroup (Aequitas v AEFC, 2001). In case of the second claim, the ASIC challenged the "Chinese walls" that were in position in Citigroup. It was alleged by the ASIC that as the senior IB management were aware of the fact that it was substantially probable that Toll is going to commence the takeover bid, such knowledge can be attributed to the Citigroup as a whole (McGhee, 2000). Consequently, it was alleged by the ASIC that Citigroup had been involved in insider trading as the ET division of Citigroup had purchased the shares (Hadid v Lengest Communications Inc., 1999). The findings of the court in this case were as follows. The fiduciary claim brought by the ASIC was unsuccessful at the outset because the letter of engagement through which Citigroup was retained by Toll particularly excluded the presence of a fiduciary relationship. In this regard, the court stated that the law does not stop the investment banks from contracting out of the fiduciary obligations by entering into a commercial relationship. For the purpose of the success of the first insider-trading claim, it was required that the employee who had made the trade, should not only hold the inside info but such knowledge and also be attributable to the company. According to s 1042G(1)(a), the knowledge of the member of staff cannot be attributed to Citigroup unless such employee was an officer of Citigroup as mentioned in section 9, Corporations Act. In the present case, the claim of the ASIC could not succeed as the particular employee was not an officer (Tuch, 2005). The court arrived at the conclusion that for the purpose of the Act, an "officer" was someone who had a role to play in the senior management of the company, which was not played by the employee in this case. Moreover, it was also stated by the court the above-mentioned supposition was not made by the particular employee, as alleged by the ASIC, namely that Citigroup was acting on behalf of Toll regarding the takeover bid for Patrick. In this way, the second insider-trading claim also could not succeed on the ground that the Chinese wall defense, that has been mentioned in section 1043F of the Act was successfully raised by Citigroup (Hollander and Salzedo, 2004). Or in other words, it was successfully established before the court by Citigroup that the company had put in position, compliance measures that can be reasonably anticipated to make sure that the price sensitive information that was in possession of IB did not reach its other division, ET. As has been mentioned in this section, the decision of the chasing the shares has been made by a person apart from the persons who were holding such information and IB had not provided any information or given any advice to such person regarding the purchase. Discuss and critically ANALYSE the court/ tribunal decision There are certain significant implications of this decision. While examining the adequacy of the Chinese walls put in place by the Citigroup, it was noted by the court that such measures have to fulfill the provisions of the Act but they do not require absolute perfection. Instead the only requirement is that the company should have taken reasonable steps. The best that has been mentioned in section 1043F was an objective test. According to this test, the requirement was that arrangements should be in place due to which it can be reasonably expected to make sure that the information has not been communicated. For this purpose, the following relevant procedures were outlined by the court that was necessary in case of defective Chinese walls. These were physical separation by departments, the presence of the procedures to deal with passing the wall, educational programs, effective supervision by the compliance officers and disciplinary sanction. Although in this case, the court upheld the defense provided by section 1043F, however the court also warned that the Chinese walls should be able to insulat the trader (ET) from the and information so that the necessities of this section can be satisfied. The court arrived at the conclusion that in the present case, adequate procedures had been put in place. For this purpose, the court referred to the region policies of Citigroup as well as its compliance procedures. Among others, the written policy of Citigroup and quiet that the private side employees (IB) should not have provided any significant non-public information to the employees who were on the public side (ET) without the involvement of legal or compliance personnel for the purpose of evaluating the significance of the information, and when necessary, for implementing the wall crossing procedures. The written policies adopted by the Citigroup were accessible to all its employees, the company also gave regular training to its employees in this regard and it was clearly mentioned in these policies that the employees of the company should be alert regarding any possibility of conflicts. There were also required to escalate any issue dealing with an actual, potential or apparent conflicts of interest. Moreover, retail policies and procedures had been put in place by the Citigroup according to which the considerations have been set out that had to be applying if a public side employee needs to be brought over the Chinese wall. But at this point it is worth mentioning that in this case, it has also been stated by the court that the ample measures need in excess of the written procedures and policies (Farah Constructions Pty Limited v Say-Dee Pty Ltd., 2007). It was mentioned by the court that it needs a comprehensive understanding of such measures by the employees of the company and also the willingness and the ability for applying these procedures and policies to a number of possible conflicts (Consul Developments Pty Ltd v DPC Estates Ltd., 1975). The fact was also noted by the court in this case that a clear escalation policy was present according to which, IB could give advice to the appropriate personnel regarding the probable conflict, which included the Compliance Department as well as the General Counsel of Citigroup and its Chief Executive Officer. In this way, the in-house compliance division of Citigroup was in a position to give proper advice to IB and ET regarding what could or what should not be disclosed by these divisions of each other and in this way, maintain the protection that has been provided by the Chinese wall that has been put in place among various divisions of the company. It was also found by the court that in view of such escalation procedure present in the company, it can be said that adequate Chinese walls have been placed in Citigroup. In the end, it can be said that the case title ASIC v Citigroup remains how a company can achieve protection if it has put in place adequate compliance system and how it can be protected from the liability under the insider-trading provisions of the Act. The purpose of installing the Chinese walls in the company is to forget the flow of information among various divisions of the company. As it has been shown in ASIC v Citigroup, if the Chinese wall requirements and the appropriate compliance schemes are followed by a corporation, it can save itself from likely huge fines as well as from any damage to the reputation of the company. In the same way, ASIC v Citigroup also serves as a reminder and a warning related with the significance of putting in place, adequate compliance measures, particularly related with Chinese walls. References Hollander C and Salzedo, S (2004) Conflicts of Interest and Chinese Walls, Sweet Maxwell, London, (4th ed). McGhee, J., (2000), Snells Equity, Sweet Maxwell, London, (30th ed). Tuch, A., (2005) Investment Banks as Fiduciaries: Implications for Conflicts of Interest, 29 Melbourne University Law Review 478 Aequitas v AEFC (2001) 19 ACLC 1006 ASIC v Citigroup Global Markets Australia Pty Ltd (No 4) [2007] FCA 963 Consul Developments Pty Ltd v DPC Estates Ltd (1975) 132 CLR 373 Farah Constructions Pty Limited v Say-Dee Pty Limited [2007] HCA 22 Hadid v Lengest Communications Inc [1999] FCA 1798